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A year earlier, another group raised the specter that RFID tags could be infected with computer viruses. In mid-2007, one team used readily available RFID gear to read the Electronic Product Code data on tagged boxes loaded on a tractor-trailer.
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RFID security concerns have become pronounced over the past year or so, as hackers and researchers make more concerted efforts to understand the vulnerabilities. Nohl and his colleagues noted that other types of Phillips RFID tags, such as the Hitag2+ and Mifare DESfire, are not affected by their findings. The Dutch transit system actually uses two other types of tickets or cards, and both have been successfully attacked by other researchers. "Given basic knowledge of cryptographic trade-offs and sufficient storage, the secret keys of cards can be found in a matter of minutes." "Knowing the details of the cipher would permit anyone to try all possible keys in a matter of days," the researchers noted. "Regardless of the cryptographic strength of the cipher, the small key space therefore permits counterfeiting of any card that is read wirelessly," the team wrote in a follow-up statement issued on January 8. Nohl wrote his own optical recognition software to refine and clarify the images, and then patiently worked through the arrangement of the logic gates to deduce the encryption algorithm, a task made possible by the fact that the Mifare Classic relies on a secret key of no more than 48 bits. They examined the chip under an optical microscope and used micro-polishing sandpaper to remove a few microns of the surface at time, photographing each of the five layers of circuitry. The team used an inexpensive RFID reader to collect encrypted data, and then reverse-engineered the chip to figure out the encryption key to decipher that data. One of the researchers is Karsten Nohl, a graduate student in the University of Virginia's Computer Science Department, in Charlottesville, the other two are Henryk Plotz and "Starbug." The trio apparently demonstrated a practical and effective way to break the Mifare encryption key, confirming what many cryptographers had suspected.
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Interest in the study has been spreading steadily from the arcane world of security hackers. The newest attack was demonstrated at the 24th Congress of the Chaos Computer Club in Berlin last December.
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This personal and important data is encrypted on the Mifare Classic with a proprietary encryption scheme. The card can be used in debit/credit transactions with the user's bank account.
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